rhel/centos/rocky/fedora/aliyun (dnf,yum,rpm,snap)

ubuntu/debian (apt,deb,snap)

系统

cat /etc/os-release 查看系统信息
hostnamectl 查看版本信息
df -h 磁盘空间使用情况
free -h 查看内存使用状况
lscpu cpu相关
reboot 重启
halt 关机
clear CTRL+L 清屏
nohup frpc -c frpc.toml & 后台启动
软件版本
ldd --version 查看glibc版本
git -v查看git版本
ssh -V 判断是否安装客户端
目录文件操作
cd ~ 进入root目录
whereis redis-cli 查看路径
pwd 当前路径
ls ls -l 查看目录和详情
mkdir a a1创建两个目录 mkdir -m 777 a 带权限
chmod 777 filename 赋予权限 chmod -R 777 api/ 全部赋予权限
mv dir1 dir2 以动或重命名可以是文件或文件夹
rm -rf * 清空当前目录
rm -rf dir1 强制删除目录和内容,f是不提示
cp –r test/ newtest复制全部内容包括子目录,复制单文件不需要r,目录时候必须要
find /root/ -iname redis 查找文件-iname不区分大小写
grep -r "关键词" /路径 路径下查找文件名
ln -s file1 lnk1 创建一个指向文件或目录的软链接 ln -s /root/gf /usr/bin 软连接
用户和组
sudo 以root权限执行命令
passwd root 修改root密码 passwd postgres 修改密码
ubuntu默认密码账号ubuntu|rockylinux
su - 切换到root
su postgres 切换用户postgres
useradd postgres 添加用户
userdel postgres 删除用户
usermod -a -G groupname username 添加用户到组
groupadd postgres groupdel postgres 添加删除组
w 查看登陆用户
id 当前用户
lastlog 查看所有用户
cat /etc/passwd 查看所有用户路径
进程端口
ps aux 查看全部进程
ps -ef 查看所有程序
top 动态进程
ps -ef | grep weui 查看某个应用进程
lsof -i:4443 查看某个端口进程
kill 19999 关闭pid端口进程
pkill caddy 关闭多个进程名称
ss -tunlpa 查看全部端口
网络
ifconfig 查看网络
ip a 查看ip
route -n 查看路由
ping ping网址
curl http://localhost
wget -O file url下载
分区
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap1 bs=1M count=2048 创建交换分区
mkswap /swap1创建
swapon /swap1启用
压缩解压
tar -xzvf 1.tar.gz gz解压
tar -czvf 1.tar.gz 1.c gz压缩文件夹或文件
zip -r 1.zip /home zip文件压缩备份后面是压缩某个文件夹绝对路径
unzip 1.zip 解压zip
7z a 1.7z ./html 压缩支持多个文件夹有些系统7za
7z x 1.7z 解压当前目录 7z x 1.7z -o./qq到指定qq目录
防火墙
ufw enable && ufw default deny 启动防火墙
ufw status 列出所有
ufw allow 9999 ufw allow 22/tcp 允许端口
ufw delete allow 9999 删除端口
ufw version
vi或vim操作配置
ESC :q 退出 | :wq! 退出并保存| 按I键进入输入模式
echo $PATH 类似win的path
export CGO_ENABLED=1 导入变量
export CC=/usr/local/musl/bin/musl-gcc 编译musl-gcc
vi /etc/profile末尾加入 export PATH=$PATH:/root/bin多个用:分割
source /etc/profile 立即生效上面修改
vi /etc/init.wsl 自动启动文件
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config 编辑此文件内容如下Port 22 PermitRootLogin yes
nano
nano ./1.txt
ctrl +o 保存 ctrl + x退出 ctrl+k 剪切当前行 ctrl+u粘贴

systemd

systemctl list-unit-files --type=service --state=enabled 查看开机启动项
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running显示当前活跃（运行中）的服务

服务管理

systemctl start x 启动服务
systemctl stop x 停止
systemctl restart x 重启
systemctl reload x 重载 推荐
systemctl enable x 开机
systemctl disable x 取消开机
systemctl status x 状态
systemctl show x 查看
systemctl daemon-reload 重载sysyemd服务

编译程序

./configure
make && make install

nginx

apt install nginx dnf install nginx

systemctl start nginx
systemctl stop nginx
systemctl reload nginx
systemctl restart nginx
systemctl enable nginx
systemctl status nginx

curl http://localhost 测试
nginx -V 查看模块
nginx -t 查看配置
/etc/nginx/conf.d/ 配置文件默认 root /usr/share/nginx/html 默认网站目录

禁止缓存
location ~* \.(js|css|png|jpg|gif|webp)$ {
  add_header Cache-Control no-store;
}
防盗链
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
  valid_referers none blocked 192.168.0.1;
  if ($invalid_referer) {
     rewrite ^/ http://$host/logo.png;
  }
}
显示目录
autoindex on;
autoindex_exact_size off;
autoindex_localtime on;

vi /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo 添加官方源

[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
[nginx-mainline]
name=nginx mainline repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key

ubuntu添加源

curl -fSsL https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key | sudo gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null
gpg --dry-run --quiet --import --import-options import-show /usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nginx-archive-keyring.gpg] http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu `lsb_release -cs` nginx" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list
echo -e "Package: *\nPin: origin nginx.org\nPin: release o=nginx\nPin-Priority: 900\n" | sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/99nginx

mysql

apt install mysql-server

mysql_secure_installation 初始化
移除匿名用户 y 禁止root远程n 移除test数据库y 加载权限表y
首次输入mysql设置密码

USE mysql;
SELECT user, host FROM user WHERE user = 'root';
-- 必须看到 `root`@`%` 这条记录，否则重新创建：
CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'Mysql@1234';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION;
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'Mysql@1234'; --添加密码
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

mysql -u root -p 登陆
/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf 127.0.0.1改成0.0.0.0
systemctl restart mysql 重启
systemctl status mysql 查看状态
mysql -V
mysqldump -u root -p testdb > aa.sql备份数据库
mysqldump -u root -p testdb | gzip > aaa.sql.gz
pgsql
```
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/postgresql-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/postgresql-keyring.gpg] http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list
```
apt-cache search postgresql | grep postgresql-[0-9]查看可选版本
apt install -y postgresql-18 postgresql-client-18
psql -V
sudo -u postgres psql 修改密码 \q 退出
ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD 'pgsql'; 用户postgres
systemctl restart postgresql 重启
/etc/postgresql/18/main/postgresql.conf修改listen_addresses = '*'
/etc/postgresql/18/main/pg_hba.conf添加 host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5
psql -h 121.41.165.27 -p 5432 -U postgres -d postgres登陆
sudo -u postgres pg_dump testdb > ppp.sql 备份
php
apt install -y php8.3 php8.3-fpm php8.3-cli php8.3-common
apt install -y php8.3-mysql php8.3-pgsql php8.3-redis php8.3-mbstring php8.3-xml php8.3-curl php8.3-zip php8.3-gd
apt install -y php7.2 php7.2-fpm php7.2-cli php7.2-common
apt install -y php7.2-mysql php7.2-pgsql php7.2-redis php7.2-mbstring php7.2-xml php7.2-curl php7.2-zip php7.2-gd
php -v php -m 查看版本和模块
apt install -y software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php && apt update
systemctl status php8.3-fpm
systemctl restart php8.3-fpm
systemctl start php8.3-fpm
/etc/php/8.3/fpm/php.ini 配置
sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php7.2 指定版本
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf 配置user www-data;和php保持一致
/etc/php/7.2/fpm/pool.d/www.conf配置一致
apt purge -y php8.3*卸载
apt autoremove -y
apt autoclean -y
snap安装
dnf install snapd -y
systemctl enable --now snapd.socket
ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap 经典模式
systemctl start snapd启动
systemctl enable snapd开机启动
snap install snap-store-proxy 加速,一般不需要
snap find qq # 搜索
snap list # 查看已安装列表
snap refresh # 更新所有包
snap remove msedit # 卸载软件
snap services 查看snap开机启动项
/var/snap/ 安装程序配置文件
apt/deb
/etc/apt/sources.list.d 这是第三方软件列表
grep -i "install" /var/log/apt/history.log查看安装列表
apt install ./package_name.deb
apt update && apt upgrade apt更新升级
apt install upx fd-find zip unzip 7zip
apt install openssh-server openssh-client sqlite3 lua5.1
apt install build-essential 安装gcc cc ld make
apt remove upx 移除
apt search upx 搜索
apt search php | less 空格下一页 q 退出 b上一页
apt show upx 显示细节
ssh
systemctl enable ssh 设置开机
systemctl disable ssh 取消
systemctl is-enabled ssh 是否开机
systemctl start ssh 启动
systemctl stop ssh 停止
systemctl restart ssh 重启
systemctl status ssh 状态
特殊安装
安装edit2.0
zig
curl -sS https://debian.griffo.io/EA0F721D231FDD3A0A17B9AC7808B4DD62C41256.asc
| sudo gpg –dearmor -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian.griffo.io.gpg

添加源

echo “deb https://debian.griffo.io/apt $(lsb_release -sc) main”
| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/griffo.list

lego ssl生成工具
安装rust和golang
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh linux安装,windows下载后运行
rustup update 升级
golang使用goup安装https://github.com/thinkgos/goup-rs/
goup init
echo '. "$HOME/.goup/env"' >> ~/.bashrc linux安装后初始化
goup search 查找版本
goup list 已安装版本
goup install 1.21 安装
goup use 切换版本
goup rm 删除
goup cache show 缓存
goup self update 自更新
redis
安装redis
sudo apt-get install lsb-release curl gpg
curl -fsSL https://packages.redis.io/gpg | sudo gpg –dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg
sudo chmod 644 /usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg
echo “deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg] https://packages.redis.io/deb $(lsb_release -cs) main” | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/redis.list

apt install redis
systemctl enable redis-server
systemctl start redis-server

redis.cli -v 检测版本
redis.cli 客户端 redis.cli -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6380

ps -ef | grep redis-server 查看状态
msedit /var/snap/redis/common/etc/redis/redis.conf配置
/var/snap/redis/common/var/lib/redis/dump.rdb 备份文件

bind 0.0.0.0 远程登陆
protected-mode no
requirepass 123456

frankenphp

sudo curl -fsSL https://key.henderkes.com/static-php.gpg -o /usr/share/keyrings/static-php.gpg && \
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/static-php.gpg] https://deb.henderkes.com/ stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/static-php.list && \
sudo apt install frankenphp

apt install php-zts-redis
systemctl start frankenphp
apt install pie-zts

安装caddy

caddy validate --config /etc/caddy/Caddyfile

curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/gpg.key' | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/caddy-stable-archive-keyring.gpg
curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/debian.deb.txt' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/caddy-stable.list
sudo apt update
sudo apt install caddy -y
systemctl restart caddy
msedit /etc/caddy/Caddyfile

Caddyfile

http://127.0.0.1:9000 http://localhost:9000 {
      root * /home/rocky/html
      file_server browse
      reverse_proxy  localhost:3000
}

树莓派3b+为例 ubuntu24.04

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Plus Rev 1.3 1G内存16G存储
`
ubuntu 默认账号密码都是ubuntu
设置wifi
sudo nano /etc/netplan/50-cloud-init.yaml Ctrl+O Ctrl+X
network:
version: 2
wifis:
wlan0:

dhcp4: true
optional: true
access-points:
  "home network":
  password: "123456789"

sudo passwd root 启用root
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
su -
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-cloud-init.conf
PasswordAuthentication yes
PubkeyAuthentication yes
sudo systemctl restart ssh

nmcli radio wifi on 启用wifi
nmcli dev wifi list 扫描wifi
nmcli –ask dev wifi connect 3G
lshw查看硬件信息
apt install -y zram-tools 安装zram
echo ‘SIZE=1024’ | sudo tee /etc/default/zramswap
echo ‘PRIORITY=100’ | sudo tee -a /etc/default/zramswap
echo ‘ALGORITHM=lz4’ | sudo tee -a /etc/default/zramswap
sudo systemctl restart zramswap
sudo fallocate -l 2G /swapfile
sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile
echo ‘/swapfile none swap sw 0 0’ | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

1G内存主机
sudo swapoff /swapfile
sudo rm /swapfile
sudo fallocate -l 256M /swapfile
sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile
echo ‘/swapfile none swap sw 0 0’ | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

sudo nano /etc/default/zramswap #512够了
sudo systemctl restart zramswap

free -h 查看内存
swapon –show 查看zram

nanomq

curl -s https://assets.emqx.com/scripts/install-nanomq-deb.sh | sudo bash
sudo apt-get install nanomq

cat > /etc/systemd/system/nanomq.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=NanoMQ Broker
After=network.target

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/nanomq start
Restart=always
RestartSec=3
User=root

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable nanomq
systemctl start nanomq

nano /usr/local/bin/nanomq.conf

mqtt = {
  max_packet_size = 1KB       # NanoMQ 可接收和发送的最大包大小。
  max_mqueue_len = 2048       # 等待确认窗口队列的最大长度。
  retry_interval = 10s        # QoS 1/2 消息投递的重试间隔。
  keepalive_multiplier = 1.25 # MQTT keepalive 超时的乘数。 
  property_size = 32          # MQTT 用户最大属性长度。
}
listeners.tcp {
  bind = "0.0.0.0:1883"     # 绑定 1883 端口
}
listeners.ws {
  bind = "0.0.0.0:1885/mqtt"            # 绑定 1885 端口
}
http_server = {
  port = 1884               # HTTP 服务器端口
  ip_addr = "0.0.0.0"       # HTTP 服务器 Address
  limit_conn = 32           # NanoMQ 可以处理的最大未完成请求数
  username = "admin"        # 用户名
  password = "12345678"       # 密码
  max_body = 65535          # 最大 HTTP Body
  auth_type = "basic"
}
auth {
    allow_anonymous = true # 允许匿名登录
    no_match = allow       # 没有 ACL 规则匹配情况下的默认操作
    deny_action = ignore   # ACL 检查拒绝情况下的默认操作

    password = {include "/usr/local/bin/nanomq.passwd"} # 密码存储文件路径
}

nano /usr/local/bin/nanomq.passwd #密码 admin:123 每行
chmod 600 /usr/local/bin/nanomq.passwd
systemctl restart nanomq

ubuntu24.04

修改软件源 /etc/apt/sources.list

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-backports main restricted universe multiverse

dnf

rpm -ivh package_name.rpm rpm安装
dnf history list | grep Install 列出最近安装软件
dnf info golang 前者简介查看信息后者详细信息
dnf upgrade与 dnf update 功能相同
dnf install upx 支持install,search,remove
dnf list installed 已安装软件
dnf install epel-release -y 安装扩展
dnf clean all && dnf makecache 生成缓存
dnf install --nogpgcheck https://mirrors.rpmfusion.org/free/el/rpmfusion-free-release-$(rpm -E %rhel).noarch.rpm -y 免费仓库
sudo dnf makecache 添加源后刷新
dnf list --showduplicates nginx 列出可用版本
dnf install nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el10.ngx
dnf install sqlite lua
dnf install gcc gcc-c++ make binutils glibc-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel autoconf automake libtool cmake
dnf install nodejs node -v npm -v
dnf install postgresql postgresql-server 5432端口
sudo postgresql-setup --initdb 初始化
vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf 添加
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 scram-sha-256
vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/postgresql.conf 配置文件
listen_addresses = '*' # 默认为 'localhost' 远程
port = 5432 端口修改
sudo -i -u postgres 切换账号 psql
systemctl start postgresql 启动
dnf install mysql8.4 mysql8.4-server
vi /etc/my.cnf.d/mysql-server.cnf 配置 port = 3306注意权限不能修改,/etc/my.cnf也不能改权限,默认密码为空
bind-address = 0.0.0.0 允许远程
mysql -u root -p -P 3307 登陆自定义端口
systemctl start mysqld 启动
dnf install btop zip unzip 7zip git wget openssh-server openssh-clients
systemctl start sshd 启动

通用

apt install upx fd-find zip unzip 7zip sqlite3 btop nginx mysql-server
software-properties-common ca-certificates apt-transport-https

apt install -y postgresql-18 postgresql-client-18

linux ubuntu软件

edge XTerminal
单文件安装 mv edit /usr/local/bin/ && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/edit

作者：Yoby 创建时间：2024-12-04 18:18
最后编辑：Yoby 更新时间：2026-05-04 23:08

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linux命令

rhel/centos/rocky/fedora/aliyun (dnf,yum,rpm,snap)

ubuntu/debian (apt,deb,snap)

系统

软件版本

目录文件操作

用户和组

进程端口

网络

分区

压缩解压

防火墙

vi或vim操作配置

nano

systemd

编译程序

nginx

mysql

pgsql

php

snap安装

apt/deb

特殊安装

添加源

安装rust和golang

redis

安装caddy

树莓派3b+为例 ubuntu24.04

nanomq

ubuntu24.04

dnf

通用

linux ubuntu软件