linux命令

RHEL/centos/rocky/fedora/aliyun

使用dnf(yum,rpm)支持snap

ubuntu/debian/

使用snap(apt,deb)

系统相关

cat /etc/os-release 查看系统信息
hostnamectl 查看版本信息
df -h 磁盘空间使用情况
free -h 查看内存使用状况
lscpu cpu相关
reboot 重启
halt 关机
clear CTRL+L 清屏
nohup frpc -c frpc.toml & 后台启动
软件版本
ldd --version 查看glibc版本
git -v查看git版本
ssh -V 判断是否安装客户端
目录文件操作
cd ~ 进入root目录
whereis redis-cli 查看路径
pwd 当前路径
ls ls -l 查看目录和详情
mkdir a a1创建两个目录 mkdir -m 777 a 带权限
chmod 777 filename 赋予权限 chmod -R 777 api/ 全部赋予权限
mv dir1 dir2 以动或重命名可以是文件或文件夹
rm -rf * 清空当前目录
rm -rf dir1 强制删除目录和内容,f是不提示
cp –r test/ newtest复制全部内容包括子目录,复制单文件不需要r,目录时候必须要
find /root/ -iname redis 查找文件-iname不区分大小写
grep -r "关键词" /路径 路径下查找文件名
ln -s file1 lnk1 创建一个指向文件或目录的软链接 ln -s /root/gf /usr/bin 软连接
用户和组相关
sudo 以root权限执行命令
passwd root 修改root密码
passwd postgres 修改密码
ubuntu默认密码账号ubuntu| rockylinux 默认12345678端口23
su - 切换到root
su postgres 切换用户postgres
useradd postgres 添加用户
userdel postgres 删除用户
usermod -a -G groupname username 添加用户到组
groupadd postgres groupdel postgres 添加删除组
w 查看登陆用户
id 当前用户
lastlog 查看所有用户
cat /etc/passwd 查看所有用户路径
进程端口相关
ps aux 查看全部进程
ps -ef 查看所有程序
top 动态进程
ps -ef | grep weui 查看某个应用进程
lsof -i:4443 查看某个端口进程
kill 19999 关闭pid端口进程
pkill caddy 关闭多个进程名称
ss -tunlpa 查看全部端口
网络相关
ifconfig 查看网络
ip a 查看ip
route -n 查看路由
ping ping网址
curl http://localhost
wget -O file url下载
分区
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap1 bs=1M count=2048 创建交换分区
mkswap /swap1创建
swapon /swap1启用
压缩解压
tar -xzvf 1.tar.gz gz解压
tar -czvf 1.tar.gz 1.c gz压缩文件夹或文件
zip -r 1.zip /home zip文件压缩备份后面是压缩某个文件夹绝对路径
unzip 1.zip 解压zip
7z a 1.7z ./html 压缩支持多个文件夹有些系统7za
7z x 1.7z 解压当前目录 7z x 1.7z -o./qq到指定qq目录
防火墙
ufw enable && ufw default deny 启动防火墙
ufw status 列出所有
ufw allow 9999 ufw allow 22/tcp 允许端口
ufw delete allow 9999 删除端口
ufw version
vi或vim操作配置
ESC :q 退出 | :wq! 退出并保存| 按I键进入输入模式
echo $PATH 类似win的path
export CGO_ENABLED=1 导入变量
export CC=/usr/local/musl/bin/musl-gcc 编译musl-gcc
vi /etc/profile末尾加入 export PATH=$PATH:/root/bin多个用:分割
source /etc/profile 立即生效上面修改
vi /etc/init.wsl 自动启动文件
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config 编辑此文件内容如下Port 22 PermitRootLogin yes
systemd
systemctl list-unit-files --type=service --state=enabled 查看开机启动项
systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running显示当前活跃（运行中）的服务
编译程序
./configure
make && make install

dnf centos/rocky/阿里云 yum/rpm

rpm -ivh package_name.rpm rpm安装
dnf history list | grep Install 列出最近安装软件
dnf info golang 前者简介查看信息后者详细信息
dnf upgrade与 dnf update 功能相同
dnf install upx 支持install,search,remove
dnf list installed 已安装软件
dnf install epel-release -y 安装扩展
dnf clean all && dnf makecache 生成缓存
dnf install --nogpgcheck https://mirrors.rpmfusion.org/free/el/rpmfusion-free-release-$(rpm -E %rhel).noarch.rpm -y 免费仓库
sudo dnf makecache 添加源后刷新
dnf list --showduplicates nginx 列出可用版本
dnf install nginx-2:1.28.0-1.el10.ngx
dnf install sqlite lua
dnf install nodejs node -v npm -v
postgresql
dnf install postgresql postgresql-server 5432端口
sudo postgresql-setup --initdb 初始化
远程访问
vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf 添加
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 scram-sha-256
vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/postgresql.conf 配置文件
listen_addresses = '*' # 默认为 'localhost' 远程
port = 5432 端口修改
sudo -i -u postgres 切换账号 psql
systemctl start postgresql 启动
systemctl restart postgresql重启
systemctl enable postgresql 开机启动
systemctl status postgresql 状态
mysql
dnf install mysql8.4 mysql8.4-server
vi /etc/my.cnf.d/mysql-server.cnf 配置 port = 3306注意权限不能修改,/etc/my.cnf也不能改权限,默认密码为空
bind-address = 0.0.0.0 允许远程
mysql -u root -p -P 3307 登陆自定义端口
systemctl start mysqld 启动
systemctl restart mysqld 重启
sudo systemctl enable mysqld 创建开机启动
btop 7zip git wget openssh-server
dnf install btop zip unzip 7zip git wget openssh-server openssh-clients
systemctl start sshd 启动 stop 停止
systemctl restart sshd 重启
systemctl status sshd 状态
systemctl enable sshd 设置开机 disable 取消
systemctl is-enabled sshd 是否开机启动
nginx

dnf install nginx
systemctl start nginx
systemctl stop nginx
systemctl reload nginx
systemctl restart nginx
systemctl enable nginx 开机启动
systemctl status nginx 状态
curl http://localhost 测试
nginx -V 查看模块
nginx -t 查看配置
/etc/nginx/conf.d/ 配置文件默认 root /usr/share/nginx/html

禁止缓存
location ~* \.(js|css|png|jpg|gif|webp)$ {
  add_header Cache-Control no-store;
}
防盗链
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
  valid_referers none blocked 192.168.0.1;
  if ($invalid_referer) {
     rewrite ^/ http://$host/logo.png;
  }
}
显示目录
autoindex on;
autoindex_exact_size off;
autoindex_localtime on;
配置php
      listen       8000 ssl;
      server_name  localhost;
        root   /home/html;
       index  index.html index.htm index.php;
location ~ \.php$ {
  fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
  fastcgi_index  index.php;
  fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
  include        fastcgi_params;
      }
配置ssl
ssl_certificate      /root/nginx/localhost.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key  /root/nginx/localhostkey.pem;
    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    ssl_session_timeout  5m;
    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
     ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

vi /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo 添加官方源

[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
[nginx-mainline]
name=nginx mainline repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key

安装 GCC,make,binutils

dnf install gcc gcc-c++ make binutils glibc-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel autoconf automake libtool cmake
snap
dnf install snapd -y
systemctl enable --now snapd.socket
sudo ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap 经典模式
sudo systemctl start snapd开启
sudo systemctl enable snapd开机启动项
snap ubuntu/Debian apt/deb
apt install ./package_name.deb
apt update && apt upgrade apt更新升级
apt install upx fd-find zip unzip 7zip
apt install openssh-server openssh-client sqlite3
apt remove upx 移除
apt search upx 搜索
apt show upx 显示细节
snap install snap-store-proxy 加速,一般不需要
snap find qq # 搜索
snap list # 查看已安装列表
snap refresh # 更新所有包
snap remove msedit # 卸载软件
ssh
systemctl enable ssh 设置开机 disable 取消
systemctl is-enabled ssh 是否开机启动
systemctl start ssh 启动 stop 停止
systemctl restart ssh 重启
systemctl status ssh 状态
特殊安装 msedit go rustup
snap install msedit
snap install go --classic 特殊安装golang
snap refresh go 更新
snap install rustup --classic 安装rust
rustup install stable 初始化
rustup update 更新
redis
snap install redis 安装redis
redis.cli -v 检测版本
redis.cli 客户端 redis.cli -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6380
snap start redis | snap stop redis | snap restart redis
snap services redis
ps -ef | grep redis-server 查看状态
msedit /var/snap/redis/common/etc/redis/redis.conf配置
/var/snap/redis/common/var/lib/redis/dump.rdb 备份文件
手动安装caddy
安装到/usr/local/bin
caddy validate --config /usr/local/bin/Caddyfile
useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin caddy 创建用户
systemctl status caddy.service 检测失败原因
systemctl daemon-reload 重载systed
systemctl start caddy 启动
systemctl restart caddy 重新
systemctl status caddy 状态
systemctl enable caddy 开机启动
sudo chown -R caddy:caddy /home/caddy/ 设置权限
vi /etc/systemd/system/caddy.service

[Unit]
Description=Caddy
Documentation=https://caddyserver.com/docs/
After=network.target network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target

[Service]
Type=notify
User=caddy
Group=caddy
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/caddy run --environ --config /usr/local/bin/Caddyfile
ExecReload=/usr/local/bin/caddy reload --config /usr/local/bin/Caddyfile --force
TimeoutStopSec=5s
LimitNOFILE=1048576
LimitNPROC=512
PrivateTmp=true
ProtectSystem=full
AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Caddyfile

http://127.0.0.1:9000 http://localhost:9000 {
        root * /home/rocky/html
        file_server browse
}

树莓派3b+为例 rocky9.2

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Plus Rev 1.3 1G内存16G存储

rocky rockylinux 默认账号密码
sudo rootfs-expand 安装完后分区
sudo passwd root 启用root
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
su -
nmcli radio wifi on  启用wifi
nmcli dev wifi list 扫描wifi
nmcli --ask dev wifi connect 3G
lshw查看硬件信息

ubuntu24.04

修改软件源 /etc/apt/sources.list

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ noble-backports main restricted universe multiverse

作者：Yoby 创建时间：2024-12-04 18:18
最后编辑：Yoby 更新时间：2025-10-31 18:07

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RHEL/centos/rocky/fedora/aliyun

ubuntu/debian/

系统相关

软件版本

目录文件操作

用户和组相关

进程端口相关

网络相关

分区

压缩解压

防火墙

vi或vim操作配置

systemd

编译程序

dnf centos/rocky/阿里云 yum/rpm

postgresql

mysql

btop 7zip git wget openssh-server

nginx

安装 GCC,make,binutils

snap

snap ubuntu/Debian apt/deb

特殊安装 msedit go rustup

redis

手动安装caddy

树莓派3b+为例 rocky9.2

ubuntu24.04